The Cessation of Hostilities Agreement between the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), herein referred to as the Pretoria Agreement or the Agreement1, was signed on 2 November 2022, and its follow-up, the Nairobi Declaration, on 7 November 2022. On the third anniversary of the Agreement, this report, the Pretoria Agreement Implementation Report (PAIR), evaluates the status of the Agreement’s implementation. The PAIR situates its analysis within the broader political and security context of the Horn of Africa, assessing how regional dynamics affect both the peace and the prospect of the Agreement’s implementation. This is particularly important in light of the accelerating war rhetoric between Ethiopia and Eritrea.

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