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Thirty years after the Rwandan genocide, the phrase ‘never again’ has become devoid of meaning, given how fatalities in state-based conflicts have reached staggering levels. According to the Uppsala University Conflict Data Program (UCDP), “In 2022, fatalities from organized violence increased by a staggering 97% compared to the previous year, from 120,000 in 2021 to 237,000 in 2022. This figure signifies a 97% rise from the previous year and is the highest death toll since the Rwandan genocide in 1994.”

The UCDP report underlines the historically high number of active global conflicts, with 55 state-involved conflicts recorded in 2022, a significant increase compared to the annual average recorded by UCDP between 2000 and 2013. Moreover, one-sided violence targeting civilians rose sharply in 2022, resulting in around 11,800 civilian deaths at the hands of 45 different states or organized groups.